Your Guide to Common Allergy Testing Methods

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Allergy testing is a helpful tool used to identify substances—known as allergens—that may be triggering allergic reactions. If you experience symptoms such as sneezing, skin rashes, itching, or digestive discomfort, it may be due to allergies. These reactions occur when your immune system responds to typically harmless substances like pollen, food allergens, dust mites, or pet dander. In Singapore, allergy testing is commonly offered by clinics and hospitals and can help diagnose conditions like hay fever, asthma, eczema, and food allergies. 

What Are the Types of Allergy Testing?

Allergy testing is typically done through skin or blood tests. Your healthcare provider will determine which method is suitable depending on your symptoms, medical history, and suspected allergens.

Skin Prick Test

A skin prick test (also called a puncture or scratch test) involves placing a small amount of an allergen extract on your skin, usually on the forearm or back and lightly pricking it so the substance enters just beneath the surface. If you’re allergic to the tested substance, a small raised bump will usually appear within 15–20 minutes. 

The skin prick test is commonly used to check for airborne allergens (like house dust mites, animal allergens, and pollen) as well as food allergens such as peanuts, wheat flour, dairy allergens, and seafood allergens, including anchovies (ikan bilis).

Blood Test

A blood allergy test measures the level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in your blood. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system produces IgE in response.

A blood sample is taken and sent to a laboratory where specific single allergen profiles are tested—these can include insect stings, pet dander, dust mites, and food allergens. A commonly used method is the ImmunoCAP test, which screens for multiple allergens in one go. Blood tests are especially helpful if skin testing is not recommended due to skin conditions or medications.

Intradermal Skin Test

This test is a more sensitive form of skin testing, where a small amount of allergen is injected just under the skin. It’s typically used when skin prick tests are inconclusive or when evaluating reactions to insect venom or certain medications.

The intradermal test carries a higher risk of producing a stronger reaction and is usually performed under close supervision by a healthcare provider.

Patch Test

Used to diagnose contact dermatitis, the patch test involves placing adhesive patches containing potential allergens on your back. These patches remain on the skin for 48 hours and are then evaluated for any delayed skin reactions.

Patch testing can help identify sensitivities to metals, fragrances, preservatives, and other substances commonly found in skincare products or occupational environments.

When Will I Need an Allergy Test?

An allergy test may be recommended if you experience symptoms such as:

  • Sneezing and a runny nose
  • Constant nasal congestion
  • Chronic or seasonal rashes
  • Hives or eczema
  • Difficulty breathing, wheezing, or asthma-like symptoms
  • Stomach pain or digestive upset after eating certain foods

Allergy testing in Singapore may also be advised if you have a family history of allergies or if your healthcare provider suspects that your recurring symptoms could be due to environmental or food allergens.

If you’ve had a reaction to insect stings or medications in the past, testing can help pinpoint the cause and guide future precautions.

What to Expect During Allergy Testing?

The allergy test process varies depending on the type of test. For skin tests, expect to stay at the clinic for about 30–60 minutes. You’ll be asked to expose your forearm or back, where the testing will be done.

For blood tests, a blood sample will be collected using a needle—similar to routine bloodwork—and results are typically available within a few days. Your provider will review your medical history and discuss any recent allergy symptoms you’ve experienced. If you’re undergoing a patch test, you’ll need to return for follow-up readings after 48–72 hours.

Throughout the process, your safety and comfort are prioritised.

What Should Be Done Before an Allergy Test?

Here are a few things to keep in mind before undergoing allergy testing:

  • Inform your provider about any medications, including antihistamines, as some may interfere with the results.
  • Avoid applying lotions or creams to the test area on the day of the appointment.
  • For blood allergy tests, no fasting is usually required, but follow your provider’s instructions.

If you’re unsure how to prepare, ask your healthcare provider in advance.

How Allergy Testing Works?

In the case of allergies, the body overreacts to substances like pollen, food proteins, or pet dander. These harmless triggers are known as allergens. During allergy tests, your immune system’s response to a small amount of an allergen is measured, either on the skin or in your blood. A positive test result doesn’t always mean you’ll have symptoms, but it can guide your healthcare provider in identifying and managing potential triggers.

Some common allergens tested in Singapore include:

  • House dust mites (such as Dermatophagoides farinae)
  • Pet dander (cats, dogs, horses)
  • Mould spores
  • Food allergens like wheat, dairy, peanuts, shellfish, anchovies (ikan bilis), and beta-lactoglobulin
  • Insect stings or pollen

By identifying what you’re allergic to, you can make informed decisions about your environment, diet, or treatment plan.

Why It’s Important to Get Allergy Testing?

Living with undiagnosed allergies may impact your quality of life. You may avoid certain environments or foods without knowing the exact cause of your symptoms. In some cases, repeated exposure to allergens may also lead to worsening symptoms or complications.

Allergy testing helps pinpoint the specific allergens responsible, allowing for targeted strategies to manage or reduce exposure. For individuals with food allergies, testing can support dietary adjustments and prevent accidental ingestion. In cases of respiratory symptoms, such as asthma or hay fever, testing can help tailor your treatment and improve symptom control.

By identifying your allergens through an allergy test, you gain a clearer understanding of your health, which enables more precise care.

Conclusion

Whether you’ve been managing allergy symptoms for years or recently noticed signs like skin irritation, breathing issues, or food reactions, allergy testing is an important step toward clarity. Getting tested can reduce uncertainty and provide practical steps to manage your allergies, because knowing is better than guessing. In Singapore, many clinics make the process accessible and manageable.

FAQs

Is allergy testing suitable for children?

Children can undergo allergy testing if they show signs of allergic reactions such as eczema, asthma, food sensitivities, or hay fever. The testing method—whether skin prick, blood test, or patch test—will be chosen based on their age and health profile.

What happens after the allergy tests?

Once your allergy test results are ready, your healthcare provider will explain which allergens you reacted to and how to manage or avoid them. Management may include lifestyle adjustments, diet changes, or monitoring environmental triggers like dust mites and animal allergens.

Is allergy testing available in Singapore?

Yes, allergy tests in Singapore are available through various clinics and healthcare providers. These tests can help identify environmental and food allergens that may be affecting your health.

A Beginner’s Guide to Health Screening in Singapore

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With a wide range of health screening packages and medical checkups available today, you may feel unsure about which is right for you. Different screenings are recommended depending on age, gender, and health history.

Understanding what types of health screenings exist and when to take them is key. It helps ensure timely disease management and early detection, which may support overall health and well-being.

What Are Health Screenings

Health screenings are medical tests or checkups done on a regular basis to give you a snapshot of your current health status, and not necessarily in response to having any specific symptoms. These tests aim to detect diseases or risk factors early, when treatment tends to be simpler and more effective. From blood tests to X-rays, mammograms, and abdominal ultrasound tests, screening plays an essential role in preventive healthcare.

Whether you are a Singapore citizen, permanent resident, or visiting an accredited clinic, regular health screenings may play a role in supporting long-term well-being.

Why Should You Go for a Regular Health Screening

Health screenings can help identify hidden health risks such as diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol, and even early-stage cancer. These are conditions that often develop quietly, showing no noticeable symptoms until complications arise.

Screening may help individuals become more aware of their health status and seek timely care when needed. Especially for individuals with a family history of chronic disease or cancer, proactive checkups can provide peace of mind and a clearer health path forward. Additionally, health screenings aren’t just about detection. They also support disease management and lifestyle changes that can make a real difference in day-to-day well-being.

When Should You Get a Health Screening Check-Up

A general guideline is to undergo basic health screening packages once every one to two years, depending on age, gender, existing conditions, and risk factors. Some screening tests, like blood pressure checks, can be done more frequently, especially if you’re already being monitored for a specific concern.

During early adulthood, you may only require basic tests. However, as you age, screenings become increasingly important. If you have risk factors or a family history of conditions such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, or high cholesterol, your doctor may recommend earlier or more frequent testing.

It’s better not to wait for symptoms. Some conditions may develop without symptoms, so screenings may help detect issues earlier. 

Types of Health Screening Packages

Health screening packages can range from streamlined and targeted to comprehensive. Choosing one will depend on your medical background, age, and needs.

Basic Health Screening

Basic health screening packages typically include checks for obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol-related concerns. Typical tests in a basic screening may assess:

  • Full blood count
  • Cholesterol profile
  • Kidney function markers
  • Liver function markers
  • Blood glucose levels
  • Thyroid hormones

Some health providers may also suggest a urine test to identify signs of urinary tract infection or the presence of sugar (which may be associated with diabetes), chest X-rays to check for changes in the lungs, or an electrocardiogram (ECG) to record heart rhythm.

Younger individuals, especially those with no significant medical history or family history of chronic illnesses, may consider having a basic screening once a year.

Comprehensive Health Screening

Comprehensive health screening includes additional tests beyond what is offered in a basic package. This approach may be advised for individuals with factors that could influence their risk of health concerns, such as lifestyle habits, job environment, or family health history. The decision to undergo extra tests is usually guided by a healthcare provider, who will also explain the purpose and considerations involved.

Additional tests may include:

  • Other hormonal, metabolic and nutritional labs
  • Selected tumour markers
  • Screening for certain infections, such as hepatitis A and B
  • Tests for sexually transmitted infections

Depending on your package, imaging tests may also be included, such as ultrasound of the abdomen, ultrasound of the pelvis (for women), and ultrasound of the thyroid gland. In some cases, you may also be asked to provide a stool sample to check for traces of blood, as part of screening for colorectal cancer.

Specific Health Screening

These are the targeted health screenings designed to check for certain conditions, such as various types of cancer. These tests may be more suitable for individuals with a stronger family background of specific illnesses or those who have discussed concerns with a healthcare provider. For example, individuals with a family history of breast or colon conditions may benefit from earlier assessments.

Which Health Screening Tests Should I Consider Based on My Age?

Knowing which tests matter most during each life stage helps avoid unnecessary procedures while ensuring nothing critical is missed.

In Your 20s to 30s

At this age, focus on establishing a health baseline:

  • Blood pressure
  • Blood tests for cholesterol and glucose
  • STI screening (if sexually active)
  • Pap smear (for cervical cancer) every 3 years or HPV test every 5 years
  • Dental and gum checkup
  • BMI and nutritional assessment
  • Vaccination status

In Your 40s

  • All screenings for 20s–30s
  • Diabetes screening
  • Health screening for cholesterol and high blood pressure
  • Breast cancer screening (mammograms) for women
  • Prostate gland evaluation for men
  • Eye checks

In Your 50s

  • Colorectal cancer screening (e.g., faecal occult blood test or colonoscopy)
  • Bone density screening (especially for postmenopausal women)
  • Prostate screening
  • Cardiovascular tests (ECG, treadmill test)
  • Ultrasound abdomen tests for organ health

60s and Above

At this stage, more frequent and comprehensive screenings may be needed:

  • Continued screenings from earlier decades
  • Cognitive function assessments
  • Hearing tests
  • Eye tests for glaucoma and cataracts
  • Review of medications and chronic disease management

Tips for Preparing for a Health Check-Up

Pre-Appointment Preparations

  • Fasting: Some tests require fasting (8–10 hours) before your appointment
  • Medications: Inform the clinic about any medication you’re taking
  • Last period: For female patients, note the first day of your last period—this can affect certain test timings
  • Avoid alcohol or heavy food the night before your screening

What Can You Expect During a Health Screening?

Depending on your package, screenings can take between 30 minutes to half a day. Some clinics provide same working day results for basic tests. A nurse or doctor will guide you through steps such as vital signs measurement (blood pressure, BMI), blood tests, urine tests, and imaging (e.g., X-ray, ultrasound). Afterwards, a consultation with a healthcare provider will be done to review results and advise on next steps if necessary.

Conclusion

Health screenings are more than just routine—they are proactive steps toward safeguarding your well-being. Whether it’s early detection of cancer or reviewing your overall health condition, these tests empower you to take control.

In Singapore, schemes such as the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) can make screenings more accessible. Understanding health screening and its options may give clearer insight into your health and future.

Understanding HPV: What Are the Risks of Human Papillomavirus?

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of over 100 related viruses, many of which are spread through skin-to-skin contact. While some HPV types cause skin growth called warts, others may lead to cancer.

Although most HPV infections clear on their own without causing long-term problems, persistent HPV infection with certain high-risk strains, especially of the cervix, can set the stage for more serious health issues. In addition to its connection with cervical cancer, HPV has also been linked to cancers that affect the anus, penis, vulva, vagina, and the area at the back of the throat (oropharynx).

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV—short for human papillomavirus—is a sexually transmitted infection transmitted through intimate skin contact. HPV is a common virus that can affect various parts of the body. More than 100 types of HPV have been identified. Some HPV can cause warts on the hands, feet, or face, while around 30 types can cause warts on the genital and anal regions. 

HPV is categorised into:

  • Low-risk HPV types which may cause genital warts or mild cell changes
  • High-risk HPV types which can lead to more serious cell changes that may progress to cancers

While most HPV infections don’t cause symptoms and resolve through the immune system, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types carry the potential for health concerns.

What are the Symptoms of HPV

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections often do not cause noticeable symptoms. However, when HPV symptoms do appear, the most recognisable sign is the presence of warts. These warts may appear as small, raised lumps that resemble cauliflower or skin tags. They may develop weeks, months, or even years after a person has been infected with certain types of HPV.

Different HPV types can lead to different kinds of warts, including:

  • Genital warts: These can vary in appearance, sometimes flat and sometimes resembling small, raised bumps. In individuals with a cervix, genital warts can occur around the vulva, cervix, vagina, or anus. In individuals with a penis, they can appear on the shaft, scrotum, or surrounding areas. Genital warts are transmissible through skin contact and can sometimes cause irritation or discomfort.
  • Common warts: These typically appear as rough, raised growths on the hands or fingers. While harmless, they can be bothersome or prone to irritation.
  • Plantar warts: These are firm, grainy bumps that form on the soles of the feet, often around pressure points like the heels or balls of the feet. Walking may cause discomfort in some cases.
  • Flat warts: These are slightly elevated spots that may appear on different parts of the body. In children, they are often found on the face; in men, around the beard area; and in women, on the legs.

Types of HPV that are classified as high risk usually do not present visible symptoms in the early stages. In some cases, the infection may remain unnoticed until it progresses to cancer.

What are the Risks of HPV

How HPV May Lead to Cell Changes and Cancer

Certain types of HPV, especially those classified as high risk, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, may stay in the body over time. In some individuals, these persistent infections can interfere with the natural functioning of cells. This disruption may cause cells to grow irregularly or fail to die when they should, which can gradually result in the formation of abnormal tissue. These changes in the body’s cells caused by HPV, if not detected or managed, may eventually progress to cancer.

For example, around 10% of individuals with HPV present in the cervical area may go on to develop a long-lasting infection. Over time, this may increase the likelihood of abnormal cells appearing, which in turn may lead to cervical cancer.

Although less frequently, high-risk types of HPV can also affect other areas, including the vulva, vagina, penis, and anus. When infections occur in these areas, they may cause precancerous cell changes. But, compared to cervical cancer, much less is known about how often these other cancers occur in people with HPV.

How HPV is Related to Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is closely linked to persistent infections with high-risk HPV. This risk is why regular HPV testing and cervical screening are recommended. Most often, infections do not progress to cancer. But when high-risk HPV persists, it can cause cervical cells to become precancerous and, if not treated, develop into cancer.

How Long Does it Take for HPV to Turn Into Cancer

This usually happens gradually, often over several years or even decades. Routine screenings, such as Pap tests, play an important role in identifying changes early before they potentially become cancer.

What Causes HPV Infections

The Risk Factors

Certain factors contribute to a higher risk of HPV infection and related complications:

  • Having multiple sexual partners or beginning sexual activity at a younger age
  • Not using barrier protection like condoms
  • A weakened immune system
  • Infrequent or no cervical screening
  • Family history of cervical cancer

How HPV is Spread

HPV is transmitted primarily through skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral contact. The virus can spread when the genital areas of one person come into contact with those of another.

It is important to note that HPV can be transmitted even without penetrative sex. Using protection such as condoms may help lower the chance of transmission, but it may not completely prevent it. In some cases, HPV may also be passed through hand-to-genital contact, although this form of transmission is not as well understood and appears to be less common than direct genital contact.

Because the virus spreads through skin contact and not bodily fluids, people may transmit or contract HPV without being aware that they have it.

How to Prevent HPV Infection

  • Get the HPV vaccine: The HPV vaccine is recommended for preteens and young adults; it protects against the highest-risk strains.
  • Barrier protection (condoms): Helps lower the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections
  • Routine cervical screening: Regular Pap smears and HPV tests help catch cell changes early
  • Limiting the number of sexual partners
  • Supporting the body’s immune response through non-smoking, good nutrition, exercise, and managing stress

What Tests Can Diagnose an HPV Infection

A healthcare provider may be able to recognise certain signs of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), such as visible warts, during a physical examination. However, high-risk HPV types often do not cause outward symptoms. For this reason, people are more likely to learn about these infections during routine screenings.

  • Pap smear: To check for abnormal cells in the cervix. If not managed, these cells may develop into cervical cancer over time.
  • HPV test: This test identifies high-risk HPV strains that impact cervical cells.
  • Colposcopy: If screening results show abnormal changes or the presence of HPV, a provider may use a colposcope, a magnifying tool that allows closer inspection of the cervix. If needed, a small sample of tissue may be taken for further examination (biopsy).
  • Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA): In areas where other tests may not be available, healthcare providers may use a vinegar-based solution on the cervix. The solution helps highlight areas of concern by turning abnormal tissue white.

Treatment for HPV

While there is no direct cure that eliminates HPV from the body, treatment focuses on managing its effects, such as removing visible warts or treating abnormal cell changes to lower the chance of progression.

Topical options and procedures for wart removal

  • Prescription creams are applied directly to warts
  • Cryotherapy uses cold temperatures to remove lesions
  • Electrocautery or using controlled heat to treat warts
  • Laser treatment may be used in cases that require targeted removal
  • Applying trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to warts

Procedures for managing abnormal cervical cells

  • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure: Uses a thin wire loop to remove areas of concern on the cervix
  • Cold knife cone biopsy: Removes a cone-shaped section of tissue that may contain abnormal cells

Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread sexually transmitted virus with varying levels of risk. While most infections clear naturally, high-risk HPV types may lead to changes in cells that, over time, elevate the risk of cancer, especially cervical cancer. Genital warts and other skin lesions commonly result from low-risk HPV types but are not linked to malignancy.

Prevention through getting the HPV vaccine, using protection, and regular cervical screening is important to help early detection and nurturing better health outcomes.

If you have questions or concerns, speak with a healthcare provider who can guide you on testing, the importance of the HPV vaccine, and other protective measures.

Making Sexual Health Inclusive for the LGBT+ Community

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In the advent of Pride this June, we look at the unique sexual health challenges faced by the LGBTQ+ community and the steps we can take to alleviate it. After all, sexual health is for everyone, regardless of what your gender preference or biological sex is. 

What are the unique challenges LGBTQ+ individuals face on sexual health?

Sexual health hasn’t always been easy to discuss – but the challenge is even tougher for LGBTQ+ individuals. In Singapore, misconceptions and prejudices have manifested into troubling issues for the LGBTQ+ community seeking sexual health, such as:

Delayed consultation and treatment due to stigma and discrimination

The stigma against LGBTQ+ patients can discourage them from seeking medical advice and treatment. The fear of judgment, mistreatment, or the breach of confidentiality can be daunting and dishearten them from consulting a doctor regarding their sexual health concerns. At times, they might even be hesitant to disclose their sexual and gender identity, which can lead to doctors missing crucial information for appropriate care.

In addition, stigma and phobia against STDs can dissuade patients from seeking medical assistance. According to the Infectious Disease Act, all new diagnoses of HIV need to be notified. For many non-citizen LGBTQ+ individuals, this instills a rational fear of having their student pass or work permit canceled because of a positive HIV test. This can thus cause delays in testing and lead to end-stage HIV without proper treatment for these patients. 

For older LGBTQ+ individuals, they may even already see themselves as outcasts and have accepted the fact that they are not going to receive help. This can lead to them stopping care for their chronic medical conditions entirely. 

Lack of training and awareness for healthcare providers

As Singapore is a heteronormative society, health issues for LGBTQ+ individuals are not included during medical school as part of the syllabus. There is a dearth of training in managing healthcare needs for these patients. As a result, not all healthcare providers have the expertise in managing the specific healthcare needs for LGBTQ+ patients, and this can cause inappropriate or inadequate care and advice. Healthcare providers with stigma against LGBTQ+ patients can also lead to biased assumptions and misdiagnoses for patients.

Lack of access to inclusive healthcare

In Singapore, there is a disparity in access to healthcare for LGBTQ+ patients. Not all doctors or healthcare providers are deemed LGBTQ+ friendly—there might only be a few physicians trusted by LGBTQ+ patients to deal with their specific healthcare needs. A lot of healthcare providers also do not affirm LGBTQ+ support publicly for fear of persecution. Due to societal norms, lack of advertisement, and laws regulating medical advertisement, access to these doctors are mostly limited and passed on through word of mouth. 

In addition to that, socio-economic and lingual differences may limit patients in accessing healthcare providers sensitive to their needs. 

How can healthcare providers ensure that their services are inclusive and welcoming for LGBTQ+ individuals?

There are many ways healthcare providers can be more inclusive and welcoming of members of the LGBTQ+ community. Here are some examples:

Use inclusive language

Communication can make or break the doctor-patient relationship, even more so for LGBTQ+ patients. Inclusive language that can acknowledge and respect diverse sexual orientations and gender identities should be encouraged.  This includes using the preferred gender pronouns and/or names, and respecting how patients prefer to be addressed. 

Avoid assumptions

Healthcare providers should avoid making assumptions about a patient’s gender and sexual orientation. Open-ended questions should be utilized to allow patients to share their health issues and concerns. 

Ensure competency

Healthcare providers who are looking to work with LGBTQ+ patients should look to understand and address their specific health concerns and needs. Issues such as sexual health, mental health, hormonal therapy, gender affirming care and preventive treatment may be relevant to the LGBTQ+ patients.

Establish networks 

It can sometimes be difficult for healthcare providers to manage the diverse healthcare needs of their LGBTQ+ patients. However, there are many other specialists and organizations out there that care for and support the LGBTQ+ community. For example, Oogachaga is a community-based, non profit organization that works with LGBTQ+ individuals. By establishing the network of support, LGBTQ+ patients can be assured that even if the healthcare provider is unable to address their concerns, they can be referred to someone else that does. 

What steps can healthcare providers take to improve cultural competency and sensitivity when providing sexual health services to LGBT individuals?

Nowadays, healthcare providers can actively work toward creating a more open, welcoming environment for the LGBTQ+ community. Some of the ways they can do so include:

Education and training on LGBTQ+

Providers should seek education and training on LGBTQ+ cultural competency, which includes understanding the unique health needs, experiences, and disparities faced by LGBTQ+ individuals. This can involve attending workshops, conferences, or online courses that focus on LGBTQ+ inclusivity

Develop inclusive policies and practices for LGBT+ individuals

Providers should review and update their policies and practices to ensure they are inclusive and affirming for LGBTQ+ individuals. This includes implementing nondiscrimination policies and using inclusive language on forms and documentation.

Create an inclusive and welcoming environment for LGBTQ+

Healthcare providers should strive to create a safe and welcoming environment for LGBTQ+ individuals. This can be achieved by training staff on providing respectful and affirming care, addressing any biases or prejudices, and ensuring confidentiality and privacy for LGBTQ+ patients.

Seek feedback and engage with the LGBTQ+ community

Providers should actively seek feedback from LGBTQ+ patients and engage with the local LGBTQ+ community to understand their unique needs and concerns. This can involve forming advisory groups, conducting surveys, or participating in community events.

Between the effects of stigma and the lack of medical training and awareness of healthcare providers, LGBTQ+ individuals tend to face tougher challenges in consulting and treating their sexual health concerns. Nonetheless, they are just as deserving of good health and life, and there are many ways we can help them achieve that.

At DTAP Clinics, we aim to give you a safe space to discuss your sexual health concerns, no matter your gender or sexual identity. Schedule a consultation with one of our trusted doctors today. 

See Also: 

DIY COVID ANTIGEN KITS

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On the 10th Jun 2021, Singapore’s Ministry of Health (MOH) announced that DIY COVID ANTIGEN Testing kits would be available for public to buy off the shelf for self-testing purposes from 16th Jun 2021.

But what is a COVID Antigen test and how is it different from a COVID PCR test?

Imagine that the COVID virus is a person wearing a coat. This coat is called the antigen, while the nuclei acid if the person’s body. Antigen tests work by detecting the presence of the coat, while PCR tests work by detecting the presence of the body. Vaccines and our own immune systems also taget the antigen. Interestingly, just as we don’t wear the same coats every day, viruses might also change their antigens when they become a new strain of the same virus.

Currently, most of the COVID Antigen tests offered in clinics and done by health professionals or trained personnel, takes a sample from all the way to the back of the inside of the nose. While it is largely painless, this procedure may cause some some discomfort like watering eyes, or a feeling that you need to sneeze.

Conversely, some of the DIY COVID Antigen kits that can be used by the public only requires the person to take sample from the front part of the nostrils. This makes it easier for untrained members of the public to take a sample. However, this might mean that the test may not be as sensitive as those done by clinics or trained personnel.

COVID PCR test also takes samples from the back of the nose. However, it detects the “body” of the virus. In the COVID virus’ case, the test detects the RNA of the virus. This means that this test is the most accurate and sensitive to detect whether a person has the infection or not as it only needs a small amount of the “body” of the virus to be present.

COVID Antigen tests are known to be less sensitive than the COVID PCR tests. This means that they have a higher chance to giving a negative result, even when the person being tested has been infected. It comes down to the fact that the COVID PCR only needs a tiny amount of the “body” of the virus will give a positive result as the PCR technology is able to multiply the tiny amount of the “body” of the virus millions of times, even if the person may have very small amount of the virus.

If COVID Antigen tests are less sensitive than COVID PCR tests, then why are we using it?

The main reason is that COVID antigen tests give quick results. It requires roughly about 15-20 mins to give an idea of whether someone is infected or not. In contrast, COVID PCR tests take from a few hours to 24 hours for results. Thus, if the aim is to try to identify and isolate people quickly to reduce the chance of spreading it further, then using the antigen test may be more appropriate.

Is there a difference between using the DIY COVID antigen test kit to self-test versus seeing a medical professional?

As mentioned previously, many of these DIY covid test kits used only require samples from the front of the nostrils. Ahe amount of virus antigen may be lesser than if the samples were taken from the back of the nose. Thus, there is a potential that it is less sensitive than the ones collected by professionals.

However, these DIY kits may have a role to play. If you think that you may have been exposed to COVID, you may want to do your own testing first. If the DIY test kit turns positive, then you should go to a health professional for further advice.

Please make sure that you buy from reputable sources if you do wish to use these DIY COVID test kits. You may be tempted to buy these online, but in some cases, these kits are fake, not properly manufactured, or poorly stored. This can result in the purchase of a malfunctioning test kit.

Additionally, please follow the instructions of the kit strictly. If you don’t, you may cause the result to be falsely negative even though you might actually be infected.

Lastly, if you do test positive using these DIY test kits, please visit the nearest medical professional to seek further advice and testing. Please do not brush off a positive result, even if you are asymptomatic, as you might be endangering the lives of your loved ones at home, as well as your colleagues and friends. You might not be lucky enough to win the lottery, but you certainly don’t want to take any chances when it comes to a COVID-19 infection.

If you would like to know more about COVID testing, or need to get tested for COVID-19, please visit us at DTAP CLINICS.

Also on DTAP: HIV Test Singapore, Anonymous HIV Testing, STD Test Singapore

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Which STD Tests Should I Get In Singapore?

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STD screening can be a confusing topic for many. For anyone who is sexually active, getting tested for STDs should be part of your regular health screening to protect yourself.

People often only get tested when they show symptoms, or if they have had recent new sexual partners whose health or infection status they are unsure about. However, individuals who are asymptomatic and with no specific sexual exposures of concern should still undergo routine STD screening.

Here are some of the screening recommendations suggested by the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC).

Who Recommended testing Recommended interval
All adults between ages 13-64 HIV screening At least once in lifetime
All sexually active women under 25 Chlamydia and Gonorrhea testing Annual
All sexually active women 25 and above Chlamydia and Gonorrhea testing If you have had new partners

If you have had multiple partners

 

If your partner has had an STD
All pregnant women Syphilis, Hepatitis B and HIV testing

 

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea testing if you may be at risk of these

 Early in pregnancy and repeated as required
All sexually active MSM (men who have sexual intercourse with men) Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis testing

 

 At least annually

 

More frequent testing (e..g 3-6 monthly intervals) is recommended for individuals with multiple partners or partners whose infection status’ they are unsure of
HIV testing 3 to 6 monthly
Anyone who has had unsafe/unprotected intercourse HIV testing At least annually

 

The above general recommendations detail the minimum sexual health testing that one should undertake as part of one’s routine screening. The types of tests recommended ultimately depend on your individual situation and symptoms.

If you have any reason to believe or be concerned about exposure to any STDs, or if you are having symptoms suggestive of an STD, a more thorough screen may be warranted. If you wish to find out more about STD screening, you can have an open conversation with your doctor about your sexual history and any possible concerns or symptoms you may have. Your doctor will then be able to best advise you on what relevant screening you can undergo.

 

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How to Test for Oral STDs

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It is a common misconception amongst both men and women that oral sex (i.e. fellatio, cunnilingus, and analingus) is completely risk-free when it comes to infections. While oral intercourse is often thought to be a safer option compared to penetrative intercourse or conventional sex, the reality is that a variety of STDs can still be transmitted through direct contact with the mouth, lips, tongue or throat.

As such, it is important to monitor for symptoms of these infections as well as proactively test if there is a potential exposure risk, especially as a large proportion of these infections can be asymptomatic, or have symptoms that develop much later.

The most common infections transmissible through oral sex are Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), and Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and Syphilis. In this article, we will be outlining some of the common symptoms seen with these infections as well as how they can be tested.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

These are two of the most common STDs seen globally, and are caused by the bacteria Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea respectively. They will usually infect the genital region, urinary tract, anus, and oral cavity, although other sites of infection have been noted as well. While symptoms such as sore throat and throat discharge may be present in some individuals, up to 70-80% of throat infections with chlamydia and gonorrhea may be asymptomatic and a large portion will remain undiagnosed and untreated.

The most accurate method of testing for throat chlamydia and gonorrhea infections will be with Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR testing – this looks for specific genetic sequences from the DNA of these bacteria. Standard bacterial cultures are usually insufficient to pick up these infections.

Herpes Simplex Virus

There are two main types of HSV infection. Type 1 HSV is more commonly seen, and can be spread through both oral-to-oral transmission such as kissing, as well as oral-to-genital transmission. Type 2 HSV is more typically seen through genital-to-genital transmission, although it can also be spread to the mouth, tongue, and throat through oral sex. These viral infections can cause outbreaks of painful ulcers or cold sores at the site of transmission, and infection is carried lifelong. There is risk of transmission of these infections even without symptoms.

Testing for herpes infections can be performed either with blood serology testing or via PCR testing if there are symptomatic lesions. Serology or antibody testing will only be able to detect possible past exposure 1-3 months after transmission, and is not useful to detect new or acute infections.

Human Papillomavirus

HPV infections are one of the most common prevalent STDs worldwide. There are many subtypes of HPV, usually divided into low-risk and high-risk categories. Low-risk types include type 6 and 11, which are responsible for about 90% of genital warts or papillomas – these are benign, cauliflower-like growths on the skin and mucous membranes that can develop weeks to months after initial transmission. High-risk types include type 16, 18, 31, 33, 45 etc. and are more related to cancer risk, including cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, and mouth/throat. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 HPV-associated oral cancers are diagnosed per year in the US alone.

Warts from HPV are usually diagnosed clinically and do not require any specific testing; however, high-risk HPV infections are usually asymptomatic and would require PCR testing to be detected. Guidelines currently recommend women over the age of 30 to do regular HPV PCR testing together with their pap smears, and for men who have receptive anal sex to screen for rectal HPV if they are HIV positive. While oral HPV testing can be performed with the same type of test, there are no specific recommendations to do so, with the costs and benefits of the test to be determined by the individual and their doctor. HPV infections can be prevented with the HPV vaccine, which is now available for both males and females 9 years of age and older.

Syphilis

Syphilis infection is caused by the bacterium Treponema Pallidum. While incidence of syphilis had initially decreased with the availability of penicillin treatment in the 1940’s, rates of infection have been rising steadily for the past two decades, and it is commonly seen as a co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Syphilis infection can be spread through direct contact to mucous membranes and compromised skin from an infected sore or chancre, usually at the genital region, anus, and mouth; it is estimated that around 20% of syphilis infections are transmitted through oral sex alone. Symptoms will depend on stage of infection at presentation, and can include sores or ulcers in primary syphilis, and a diffuse rash in secondary syphilis. Many cases are not detected when symptomatic and may be considered in the latent stage when screened on blood testing, or may even reach the tertiary stage many years after initial infection – this can cause complications with the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), or with the central nervous system (neurosyphilis).

Syphilis testing is mostly performed with serological tests, which look for certain antibodies in the blood that can be detected 2-5 weeks after infection. Other forms of testing include dark-field microscopy, direct fluorescent antibody, and PCR testing; however, these are rarely performed in the clinical setting due to cost and availability of equipment and experienced lab personnel.

 

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Boosting Your Immunity

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Our Immune System

Our immune system is our body’s defence against disease-causing microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungus, and parasites found in the environment. It is essential for our survival. Without an immune system, our bodies will be open to attack, and falling sick might turn out to be a deadly event. 

The idea of boosting our immunity is familiar to everyone. Your parents might have given you some advice, and the forums on the internet might have provided you with some information – yet the answer to the question of how one is able to boost his immunity still seems elusive. The immune system is extremely complex, and is made out of many parts interacting with each other.

To-date, we still do not fully understand all the parts of the immune system function exactly, but to function well, the immune system requires balance. While there is no scientifically proven link between lifestyle and an enhanced immune function, researchers are at present exploring the effects of diet, exercise, age, psychological stress, and other factors on the immune response. As such, until there is a breakthrough in the research on the immune system, general healthy-living strategies are a good way to start giving your immune system the upper hand.

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Does having a balanced diet help in boosting immunity?

A classification called The NOVA food classification system categorizes food into 4 categories – unprocessed and minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods and ultra-processed foods. It is known that processed and ultra processed foods, when consumed regularly, are unhealthy for you. They have been linked to conditions such as metabolic syndrome, heart attacks, strokes, early death and even cancer. Processed foods are typically high in calories, salt, sugar, and fat which we all know are not good for you.

Our bodies were evolved to consume unprocessed foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seeds, nuts and unprocessed meats. We were not designed to regularly eat foods processed in a laboratory that can last 5 years sitting on a shelf. 

It would be ideal if everyone tries to move one’s diet towards less processed foods. While this will definitely require you to invest more time in meal preparations and planning, it is the best way to inject quality nutrition in our lives. Quality nutrition is made up more than just the calories – the macronutrients, vitamins and minerals all contribute to good health and thus a healthy immune system.

Having a varied and balanced diet ensures our body stays healthy and strong.

Does insufficient protein intake directly affect our body’s self-repair and immunity system?

The repair of cells in our body requires protein synthesis which in turn requires us to ingest dietary protein, be it from animal or plant sources. Insufficient protein intake over an extended period of time can cause changes in body composition such as reduced muscle mass, strength and function. Protein and amino acid deficiency has also been linked to repression of the immune system. 

How much protein should we have daily? What are the foods rich in proteins that we should consume?

The recommended amount of protein daily is about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. This amounts to: 56 grams per day for the average sedentary man. 46 grams per day for the average sedentary woman. That is about 200g of meat or about 300g of soybeans.

Some protein rich food include lean meat, poultry and fish, eggs, dairy products like milk, yoghurt and cheese, seeds and nuts, beans and legumes (such as lentils and chickpeas) and soy products like tofu. It is always advisable to get your protein intake from a variety of sources, and the preparation of these proteins should preferably involve less frying. 

Does consuming 5 to 7 servings of fruits and vegetables of various different colours per day: especially red, orange or yellow vegetables, which contain a large amount of beta-carotene, which will be converted into vitamin A that play a critical role in enhancing immune function?

It is always advisable to increase your intake of fruits and vegetables, and the less processing they have undergone, the better. Beta carotene is a red-orange pigment found in plants and fruits, especially carrots and colourful vegetables. Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between diets rich in carotenoids and a reduced incidence of many forms of cancer, and it has been suggested that the antioxidant properties of these compounds are a causative factor.

Since the immune system plays a major role in cancer prevention, it has been suggested that beta-carotene may enhance immune cell function. The theory is that beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A, an essential nutrient, which has antioxidant activity, and helps to protect cells from damage. It is recommended that people get beta-carotene and other antioxidants from food instead of supplements, at least until research finds out whether supplements offer the same benefits. Eating 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily provides 6-8 mg of beta-carotene.

Is drinking 8 glasses of water a day the standard recommendation to maintain a healthy immune system? Should the amount of water drunk be determined by age or daily activity?

Studies have produced varying recommendations over the years. But your individual water needs depend on many factors, including your health, how active you are and where you live. You’ve probably heard the advice to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day. That’s easy to remember, and it’s a reasonable goal but it is rather arbitrary. Other health professionals recommend drinking till your urine is colourless or a light yellow.

Most healthy people can stay hydrated by drinking water and other fluids whenever they feel thirsty. For some people, fewer than eight glasses a day might be enough. But other people might need more. For the majority of people, there probably isn’t any need to worry about water intake. The thirst instinct is very reliable and it is safe to recommend drinking just beyond the point of thirst. 

There is no best way to stay hydrated. Hydration can even come from foods such fruits, vegetables or soups. However, plain water seems to be the cheapest and most direct way to stay well hydrated. Beware of sports drinks, isotonic drinks and energy drinks though – they may contain more sugar than you might otherwise need to stay hydrated. Whether or not you want to add a slice or lemon or some herbs to your water is purely a personal preference. 

It is important to have a well balanced, varied diet that encompasses many different types of food. The idea that a particular food is linked to a particular benefit is more in line with Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, Western Medicine is indeed catching up to this idea, as more chemical compounds are being found in various foods that may indeed help boost immunity and can be beneficial for the body. 

Food

Mushrooms contain polysaccharides that can regulate and improve the immune function.

Mushrooms do indeed have high levels of polysaccharides (specifically Beta-glucans) contained within their cell walls. This class of therapeutically active compounds are widespread within the mushroom kingdom, and within our bodies they interact with specific polysaccharide receptors on our immune cells, possibly modulating and regulating our immune response. Mushrooms also are low in fat, highly nutritious, high in antioxidants and are very tasty!

Garlic and ginger: studies have found that garlic can be used as a powerful antioxidant and antibiotic which can help in combating viruses and it can also shorten the time when having a cold. Ginger can warm the stomach and relieve the cold as well.

Ginger and garlic have both been used for millennia in cooking preparations all around the world, and both are high in bioactive compounds which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Scientists are still studying the many biochemical compounds and metabolites of ginger and garlic and their properties. While no studies have proven directly that they can shorten a cold, many people do report feeling symptomatically better after drinking ginger teas or garlic preparations. 

Fermented food: Due to their high probiotic content, fermented foods can give your immune system a boost and reduce your risk of infections like the common cold.

The bacteria that live in your gut have a significant impact on your immune system. Due to their high probiotic content, fermented foods can give your immune system a boost by activating various receptors of cells with certain proteins that spur the immune system into action. Fermented foods are eaten all over the world and include foods like Yoghurts, Cheeses, Kefir, Sauerkraut, Tempeh, Natto, Kombucha, Miso and Kimchi. 

Lotus root is rich in vitamin C polyphenols and dietary fiber, it goes a long way towards improving and strengthening the immune system.

Lotus root has been a part of the cuisines of numerous Asian countries for thousands of years. Lotus roots are indeed rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for a family of biosynthetic and gene regulatory enzymes. Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Vitamin C deficiency results in impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infections. Lotus root is also rich in dietary fibre, which contributes to healthy bowel habits and in turn, a healthy gut microbiome which aids in innate immunity. 

In conclusion..

It is important to have a well balanced, varied diet that encompasses many different types of food. Eat different types of vegetables and fruits and experiment with different recipes from various cultures. That way, you can experience and enjoy these foods in many different ways and flavours. 

Lifestyle tips

Exercise helps in boosting immunity! What examples of exercises are recommended for this period with danger of getting coronavirus?

Exercise improves your overall fitness, and acute exercise has been shown to be an immune system adjuvant that improves defense activity and metabolic health. Various studies support a clear inverse relationship between moderate exercise training and illness risk. Exercise training has an anti-inflammatory influence mediated through multiple pathways. However, too much exercise is also a stressor on the body, and overly intensive training has been linked with a higher illness risk. 

The novel coronavirus has been shown to be capable of community spread and some people are choosing to limit their exposure by avoiding crowded public places. Some activities that you can do at home include weights training, body weight exercises and aerobic activities like skipping or jumping. 

Emotional stress also has a detrimental effect on our immunity.

Maintaining a positive mood can enhance the immune system and having good stress relieving methods helps in improving our immunity as well. Researchers have found a wealth of evidence that positive emotions can enhance the immune system, while negative emotions can suppress it.

Scientists don’t yet fully understand the biological mechanisms at work, but they know that negative feelings like stress, sadness, and worry cause a spike stress hormones including adrenaline and cortisol, which in turn suppresses the immune system. Stress also can over activate the immune system, resulting in an increased risk of autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, hives and acne also may worsen, and stress can trigger asthma attacks. 

Some simple ways you can relieve stress include exercising, relaxing by yourself, spending time with friends and family, doing the things you like to do and getting adequate rest and sleep. 

Sleep & Immunity

The lack of sleep can affect your immune system negatively. Sleep is the body’s way to repair itself and the immune system is essential in the restoration of cells. Studies show that people who don’t get quality sleep or enough sleep are more likely to get sick after being exposed to a virus, such as a common cold virus. Lack of sleep can also affect how fast you recover if you do get sick. During sleep, your immune system releases proteins called cytokines, some of which help promote sleep. Certain cytokines need to increase when you have an infection or inflammation, or when you’re under stress.

Sleep deprivation may decrease production of these protective cytokines. In addition, infection-fighting antibodies and cells are reduced during periods when you don’t get enough sleep. The lack of sleep is not just associated with physical health problems, it is associated with mental health problems as well. 

Both quality and quantity of sleep are equally important, and sleep is important for all groups of people – from the young, to the old, and everyone in between. The problem with society today is that many of us are sleep deprived. This is something that our parents have been right all along, that sleep is essential for a healthy life. 

Vaccines for immunity strengthening?

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. When introduced to the body, the body sees the antigen as a foreign substance and develops the mechanisms needed to eliminate this threat. With these mechanisms, the body is able to fight off this infection in future easily should it be exposed to it again. 

Different vaccines have different dosing schedules and many have been given to us as part of the National Immunization Schedule. Some vaccines like the influenza vaccine have to be given every year, some vaccines like measles vaccine may only have to be given once in your lifetime. Speak to your doctor about what vaccines you require and what their dosing regimes are like.

In conclusion..

The most important thing to remember about immunity is maintaining a healthy and balanced life. This can be achieved with various lifestyle choices in diet and your day to day activities. During this time of concern with the Novel Coronavirus on everyone’s minds, it is important that we be socially responsible and try our best to be as healthy as we can be. Hopefully the above discussion can help in that. 

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